Authors:
Bouyer J. Rachou E. Germain E. Fernandez H. Coste J. Pouly J-L. Job-Spira N.
Institution:
Dr. J. Bouyer, INSERM U292, Hopital de Bicetre, 82 rue du General Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicetre; France.
Title:
Risk factors for extrauterine pregnancy in women using an intrauterine device (2000-3321).
Source:
Fertility and Sterility. Vol 74(5) (pp99-908), 2000.
Abstract:
Objectives:
To identify the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy (EP) in women using an intrauterine device (IUD).
Design:
Case-control study.
Setting:
Auvergne region (France).
Patients:
Women using an IUD and suffering EP (243 cases) or having an intrauterine pregnancy (140 controls).
Interventions:
None.
Main Outcome Measure(s):
Sociodemographic characteristics, smoking, medical history, and medicines taken before the pregnancy. Type of IUD, duration of use, position and visibility of the thread at diagnosis, and presence of abnormal clinical signs.
Results:
Seven factors were associated with an increase in the risk of EP: histories of spontaneous abortion, IUD use, and tubal damage; progesterone IUD at the time of conception; insertion of an IUD during the month following a previous pregnancy; duration of use of the IUD in place at the time of conception; and pelvic pain resulting in medical consultation after the insertion of the IUD. Conversely, five factors were associated with a decrease in the risk of EP: history of treated low genital tract infection; history of contraception using the progestagen pill; use of paracetamol or aspirin before the pregnancy; and displacement of the IUD.
Conclusion(s):
This study suggests that the IUD itself may have an etiological role in EP.
Please click on the required question.
- 1 What is a miscarriage?
- 2 What are the different types of miscarriage?
- 3 How accurate are pregnancy tests?
- 4 What is a blighted ovum?
- 5 I have had a hydatidiform mole. What is this?
- 6 Why did I have a spontaneous miscarriage?
- 7 How frequently do miscarriages occur?
- 8 I am miscarrying. How should this be treated?
- 8a Can miscarriage result in anxiety and depression?
- 9 What is meant by recurrent miscarriage?
- 10 I have a problem with recurrent miscarriage. What is the chance of my next pregnancy being successful?
- Q 12.11 Recurrent Miscarriage I have miscarried again. Why does this keep happening?
- 12 What congenital problems might be associated with recurrent miscarriage and how could they be treated?
- 13 What traumatic conditions can cause recurrent miscarriage and how can they be treated?
- 14 Can infection cause recurrent miscarriage and would treatment help?
- 15 Could a metabolic disorder cause recurrent miscarriage?
- 16 Could a hormonal problem account for recurrent miscarriage and would hormone treatment help me?
- 17 Could an autoimmune problem cause recurrent miscarriage and how could this be treated?
- 18 Could a tumour cause recurrent miscarriage?
- 19 What degenerative processes may be associated with recurrent miscarriage?
- 20 After every miscarriage I become more depressed. Could this account for the problem?
- 21 Is it always possible to explain recurrent miscarriage?
- 22 I have a problem with recurrent miscarriage. What treatment is available to ensure that this does not happen again?
- 23 What is an ectopic pregnancy?
- 24 How frequently do ectopic pregnancies occur?
- 25 Why do ectopic pregnancies occur?
- 26 How can an ectopic pregnancy be diagnosed?
- 27 How can an ectopic pregnancy be treated?
- 28 Where can I obtain more information?
- 29 Support Groups.
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This is the personal website of David A Viniker MD FRCOG, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Whipps Cross University Hospital, London - Specialist Interests - Reproductive Medicine including Infertility, PCOS, PMS, Menopause and HRT.
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